Industrial Control Systems Were Viewed In The Same Light

Industrial control systems were viewed in the same light. This was not a good idea. It would have been much better if security were considered from the start. Given the experience that exists, there is no excuse for not considering security for home automation systems. There have been reported problems with baby monitors and other home cameras.youtube.com Similar problems could exist with network controlled locks and alarms. Think about it this way: do you want to see a presentation at next year’s Black Hat or Defcon conference on how your home automation system can be hacked? Especially if the system is a lock or an alarm system?


Dr. Draper was "an absolutely extraordinary person who touched all of us who worked with him in different ways," Dr. Young said. The massive and ultimately successful effort to put a man on the moon "represented a pinnacle of American technology that excited the imaginations of not just those of us that worked on it, but the entire world's," he added. Dr. Battin designed the algorithms for various mission phases and programmed guidance computers on board the Apollo command module and lunar excursion module. His students at MIT included Buzz Aldrin, one of the first to walk on the moon, as well as two other moon-mission astronauts. At the Instrumentation Lab, David Hoag was technical director and later program manager for MIT's Apollo role.


One of the problems he worked to resolve was "gimbal lock," in which rocket gimbals (one of which he brought to the luncheon for demonstration) would freeze up in certain spacecraft orientations. Dr. James Miller (ScD '61) led the team that developed a full-scale simulation of the Apollo spacecraft, guidance computer and navigation system for testing the on-board computer's flight software. The vast effort by everyone involved in the Apollo project "seemed to bring out the best in every one of them," he said. There was lot of support people in MCC Houston during Apollo missions, not just the mission control team. This is a picture from the MCC Vehicles Staff Support Room during Apollo 10, with the Grumman Flight Control Support Team in it. 8. MIT's Role in Project Apollo, Report R-700, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory: Vol. I, October 1971; Vol. 9. The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office, U.S.


One of the most necessary components in the industrial sector is the valve. There are a wide variety of valve types, such as those that control pressure, temperature, and flow, but perhaps none is as useful as the 3-way valve. Here is some information on the three-way valve. The functioning of a 3-way valve is significantly different from other types of valves, which typically only operate in a 2-way manner. Unlike 2-way valves, the 3-way valve can control the fluid exchange between three separate transfer lines. For better control, the 3-way valve is usually paired with an actuator which itself is powered pneumatically, by electricity, or by temperature. One of the functions of the 3-way valve is to completely shut off flow to one pipe, while at the same time allowing for fluid transfer to begin in a connecting pipe.


The valve can also be used to mix two of the liquids that are being sent through the pipes. Lastly, the 3-way valve can take fluid from a single pipe and separate it into two pipes. And while all 3-way valves work similarly, there is a vast array of different valve sizes, which have varying flow rates. The primary function of the 3-way valve is to control the amount of hot and cold water being sent through a system, which, in turn, helps in the temperature regulation and control of surfaces. A common application which utilizes the 3-way valve is in radiator systems.


In this case, the 3-way valve is used to control the output temperature of the radiator by increasing or decreasing the amount of cold water pumped into the radiator unit. Another, albeit, more surprising application for the 3-way valve is in the use of floor heating and cooling systems. The 3-way control valve will control the emitting temperature by allowing a specific mixture of both hot and cold water, which will then dictate the temperature of the floor. There is no doubt that valves are one of the most important, yet overlooked, components in many industrial and residential applications. The 3-way valve is perfect for controlling the flow of three separate fluid lines, which allows it to regulate temperatures efficiently. The 3-way valve can shut off one pipe while allowing another to open, which can change the temperature of the fluid being output.


Also, the 3-way valve can be used to mix varying levels of hot and cold fluids by letting specific amounts of each fluid come together, thus changing the overall temperature. Some applications utilize 3-way valves, and one of the most popular is in radiator systems. Also, the 3-way valve is used in controlling the temperature of flooring systems. To accomplish this, the valve is usually paired with an actuator which is connected to a controller, and this will tell the valve when to open and close. With its many uses, there is no doubt that the 3-way valve is here to stay.


Some of the major countries covered in this report are U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, China, India, South Korea, Japan, Australia, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Brazil among others. In 2017, North America is expected to dominate the market. Global Process Automation & Instrumentation Market is highly fragmented and is based on new product launches and clinical results of products. Hence the major players have used various strategies such as new product launches, clinical trials, market initiatives, high expense on research and development, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of flow cytometry market for global, Europe, North America, Asia Pacific and South America.


The 4-2OmA current loop has been with us for so long that it's become rather taken for granted in the industrial and process sectors alike. Its popularity comes from its ease of use and its performance. However, just because something is that ubiquitous doesn't mean we're all necessarily getting the best out of our current loops. A big benefit of the current loop is its simple wiring just the two wires. The supply voltage and measuring current are supplied over the same two wires. Zero offset of the base current (ie. In addition, the current signal is immune to any stray electrical interference, and a current signal can be transmitted over long distances.


You can think of the current loop itself as being analogous to a water system. You have a hose pipe (the wires) and a source tap (the power supply). You have a spray gun that regulates the flow (the transducer). You can have other equipment on the line, but it all has to be connected together in a ring Loop. The more holes (devices) you have on the hose pipe, the higher the pressure will be required from the tap. Relating all that back to the current loop, you see a power supply, a transducer and one or more pieces of instrumentation all connected together in a ring. Some instruments have an active output which includes both the control of the current in the loop as well as provide the supply voltage.


This is typically specified as being a 4-20mA output into 10-750 Ohms, or something similar. A passive input would be a simple resistor input that has a voltage drop to be factored into the equation once the supply voltage is chosen. This is typically specified as a 4-20mA input into 10 Ohm. So, for this circuit, a 12.2V minimum supply is required, the sensor's maximum voltage might be specified at 30V, so a 24V supply would be all the circuit requirements with spare capacity to boot. In order to measure the current loop it is necessary to break the loop and insert a current meter into it. This information will give you a good picture of what is happening within the loop.


Instrumentation and process fluid components require extra engineering to ensure that the entire system works as it was designed. Be it a valve, tube fitting, tube or even elastomeric gasket having that knowledge on your side as an extension of your engineering department is why we’re here. Omni Services provides the highest quality products coupled with decades of experience, an internal quality program and the engineering departments of our premier suppliers all bundled into a service and partnership to our customers. Come see why we are the trusted source for instrumentation and process fluid components. Dave rejoined Omni services in 2009 after initially starting his career with Omni in 1987 and working in a similar capacity for a few other distributors and manufactures before finally returning to Omni. Dave is a wealth of knowledge when it comes to fluid transfer products, in particular when it comes to highly engineered products that make up our instrumentation and process fluid transfer division. Working directly for a manufacturer of valves, fittings and couplings, Dave has a good understanding of what is possible with any given situation. When Dave isn’t out visiting customers, he’s traveling the country and beyond.


Access control is a vital concern for a business of any size, today. With the rising number of invasion crimes, the rising security needs of businesses and other concerns, it has become more vital than ever to control who can access your business. In addition, an access control solution will allow you to limit access to specific areas within your business, ensuring the utmost in security and peace of mind. What types of systems can you find? 1. Card Reader Systems - Card-based access control solutions are perhaps the most ubiquitous in the world. These systems allow access only after the user has passed their card through a reader.youtube.com These cards usually have a magnetic strip on the back, which contains their information, such as password and identification.


The software controlling the system allows integrators and managers to track which employees accessed specific areas at specific times and more. 2. Smart Chip Technology - Smart chip technology allows users to access areas without having to swipe a card through a reader, in some cases. While some chip-type cards must still be run through a reader, others utilize RF (radio frequency) systems, allowing users to unlock a specific door simply by walking up to it. 3. Comprehensive Software - The operating and management software is a vital consideration with any type of access control solution. The right software will allow you to manage security clearance, print visitor passes instantly, customize employee badges and more. In addition, the software allows you to track payroll via security card usage, ensuring the most accurate time and attendance tracking possible. They are the leading provider of security access solutions for small, mid-size and enterprise level businesses and can create custom solutions to match any specific need.


The Smarter Zone Control with radiant and forced air control. The EcoSwitch feature allows you to lock out your heat pumps and run only the backup boiler to save on energy and lower your utility bills during peak time periods. The THM-0500 is a full color touch screen programmable thermostat designed for Hydronic and forced air heating and cooling systems. The HBX System Designer is a browser based utility for contractors, agents and wholesalers to aid in the development of HVAC installations. Automatic Humidity Control is now available on the WiFi Zoning System! Easily manage Humidty settings using the THM-0500 and the HBX Zone App.


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Proper grounding hierarchy mitigates signal noise and interference. Raceways such as conduits and trays have to ground at both ends. The two (AC, DC) isolated master ground bus bars should connect to the plant grounding grid. The health and effectiveness of any plant's Process Automation System (PAS) relies on many factors. Among these factors is the proper selection of PAS components, seamless integration, control schemes, control system installation, and last but not least, proper electrical installation and connectivity of field instrumentation devices.youtube.com This last factor, which glues the entire PAS system together, involves cabling, grounding, cable routing, and mitigation of external influences such as noise and interference. The remote control, signaling, and power limited circuit is defined in NFPA 70 as the portion of the wiring system between the load side of the over-current device or the power-limited supply and all connected equipment.


These circuits are in three classes. It is important to note most of instrumentation signals fall under the Class-2 circuit, except for the 120 Vac and 110 Vdc loops, which are Class-1 circuits. Some may argue the 120 Vac and 110 Vdc signals fit better under Class-3. However, unless the power supply is Class-3, the industry practice is to categorize them as Class-1. In some facilities, the choice is to use Class-1 wiring across the board. This avoids signal categorization issues. This may not be cost effective, but it is definitely safer. How does the wiring for various circuit classes differ?


The wiring requirements vary. For example, for Class-1 circuits, a cable with 600 V insulation rating is the choice, whereas a cable with an insulation of 300 V is required for Class-2. When these circuits are in classified areas such as oil, gas, and petrochemical facilities, NFPA 70 mandates additional cabling requirements beyond the insulation ratings. One should use special cable types with specific marking for these loops. Here are the cable types suitable for each circuit, assuming the installation is in a classified area. Modern digital instruments prove to be more sensitive to noise and interferences when compared with the old analog instrumentation devices. In addition, modern control systems are also more sensitive to any signal distortion when compared with old single loop controllers. This dictates avoiding old wiring practices and techniques that may allow the transfer of noise into the control loops.


Before we address factors necessary to minimize signal interference, it is worthwhile to list some of the common types of signal noise and interference. Magnetic coupling: This type of coupling is also known as inductive coupling. The interference magnitude is proportional to the mutual inductance between the control loop and the source of interference current. Such noise is out there when several wires of different circuits are together in parallel runs in the same cable or in raceways. Electrostatic coupling: This coupling is also capacitive coupling because the magnitude of the interference is proportional to the capacitance between a control lead and a source of interference or noise voltage. It is similar to the magnetic coupling in the sense that it manifests primarily in parallel wiring.


The length of the parallel wiring exacerbates the effect of the noise. We see this more often with parallel AC discrete (switching) circuits, especially when the loop lengths exceed 1,000 feet. Electromagnetic coupling: This problem occurs when control circuits rout within the electromagnetic radiation profile of interference sources that radiate electromagnetic energy during their normal operation. Examples of such sources are radio transmitters, television stations, communication equipment, AC motors, and exposed power transmission lines. Based on IEEE-518, the voltages induced by electromagnetic coupling we call 'near-field effects' because the interference is close to the interference source. The effect of such noise is dependant on the susceptibility of the control system and the strength of the produced electromagnetic field.


Common impedance coupling: This type of noise commonly occurs when more than one circuit shares common wiring, such as when a common return lead wire is used for multiple field devices such solenoids or relays. This type of noise is also common when trying to consolidate the commons for DCS or PLC loops in one wire. The length of the shared wiring aggravates such noise.automationforum.in Common mode: This type of noise manifests primarily because of different grounding potentials at various locations of the plant. It sometimes occurs even if the receiving instruments or input module has a high common mode rejection rating.


It is more common when shields are not properly connected or when they connect at more than one place. It is more prevalent in thermocouple loops, especially when the thermocouple is a grounded type. Although complete elimination of noise may not be practical in all cases, there are wiring techniques that will help reduce noise and its impact on the overall health of the loops. These techniques include proper cable construction, classification of signals into specific susceptibility levels, signal segregation, signal separation, and proper grounding. Cable construction: As a rule of thumb, it is highly recommended twisted and individually shielded pairs or triads be utilized for all analog signals such as 4-20 mA, thermocouple (T/C), millivolt signals, RTD, strain gauges, and pulses.


In addition, the same cable construction should work and serve for all true digital signals. For discrete signals (on/off) such as process switches, limit switches, relay contacts, solenoid circuits, and indication lights, one should use twisted pairs. An overall shield is fine for multi-pair/triad cables, provided the overall shield drain wire cuts off at the junction box and grounds out at the marshalling cabinet. In all cases (except for grounded T/C), the shield drain wires shall be cut and taped in the field, and grounded at the marshalling cabinets. It is vital to ensure the shield drain wires terminate properly and drain wires for different loops do not touch each other within the junction boxes or marshalling cabinets. Classification of wiring based on noise susceptibility level (NSL): IEEE-518 classified wiring levels into four major classes or noise susceptibility levels.